21. What is the significance of functions that start and end with _ symbol in Python? Ans : Python provides many built-in functions that are surrounded by _ symbol at the start and end of the function name. As per Python documentation, double _ symbol is used for reserved names of functions. These are also known as […]

11. What is the difference between List and Dictionary data types in Python? Ans : Main differences between List and Dictionary data types in Python are as follows: Syntax: In a List we store objects in a sequence. In a Dictionary we store objects in key-value pairs. Reference: In List we access objects by index number. It starts

1. How will you improve the performance of a program in Python? Ans : There are many ways to improve the performance of a Python program. Some of these are as follows: Data Structure: We have to select the right data structure for our purpose in a Python program. Standard Library: Wherever possible, we should use methods

A bootloader is a small program that starts when a device is powered on, facilitating the launch of the operating system. Its key functions include: 1. Hardware Initialization :Prepares the system components for operation.2. Loading OS Kernel:Loads the core of the operating system into memory.3. Secure Boot:Ensures the integrity of the boot process to prevent

TYPES OF PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES (PLD): Programmable Arrays OR Array AND Array Classifications of Simple Programmable Logic Devices (SPLD) Read-Only Memory (ROM) Programmable Array Logic (PAL) Programmable Logic Array (PLA) Programmable Logic Sequencer (PLS) More complex FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Devices) Classifications of Simple Programmable Logic Devices (SPLD) Read Only

UNIT VLOGICAL FAMILIES AND PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES (Pending – Pre MCQ) THEORY Introduction  Logic families represent kind of digital circuit/methodologies for logic expression  Integration levels:  SSI: Small scale integration 12 gates/chip MSI: Medium scale integration 100 gates/chip  LSI: Large scale integration 1K gates/chip  VLSI: Very large scale integration 10K gates/chip ULSI: Ultra large scale integration

Generation of A State Diagram from A Timing Chart   A common method in describing digital systems uses a timing chart. This chart indicates the operations must take place during particular time slots in order for the system to function properly. These operations are initiated by control signals and the timing chart indicates when each control

UNIT IV ASYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL LOGIC (Pending – Pre MCQ) THEORY : An asynchronous (ripple) counter is a single JK-type flip-flop, with its J (data) input fed from its own inverted output. This circuit can store one bit, and hence can count from zero to one before it overflows (starts over from 0). This counter will

Simulation and Synthesis in VLSI In the design flow of digital circuits, simulation and synthesis are two crucial steps. Simulation:         A design must be checked to ensure that it is functionally correct, after it has been specified and entered. Simulation is the process of running a design through a software simulator to

The components of the target design can be described at different levels with the help of the constructs in Verilog. 1) Circuit Level At the circuit level, a “switch” is the basic element with which digital circuits are built. Switches can be combined to form inverters and other gates at the next higher level of abstraction.