(Partial Writes, Rules, and Practical Examples) 1. Introduction Every PCI Express transaction involving data — particularly Memory Write and Completion with Data packets — uses Byte Enable (BE) fields to specify which bytes within a doubleword (DW) are valid. This feature provides fine-grained control over data transfers, allowing partial memory updates without the need for […]
Chapter 5.4 – Byte Enable Mechanism in PCI Express Read More »
1. Motivation PCI Express (PCIe) replaces the shared-bus model of PCI with a serial, packet-based interconnect.Rather than using parallel control and data lines, PCIe organizes every transaction—memory reads/writes, configuration accesses, I/O operations, and messages—into packets that move through a layered architecture. This design improves: 2. How the Packet-Based Approach Works Each PCIe transaction begins in
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Introduction to Assertions Assertions are statements used to validate the behavior of a design during simulation.They help catch protocol violations, timing errors, and unexpected signal interactions early in the verification cycle. In simple terms — “Assertions are design checkers that continuously monitor whether design behavior meets the expected protocol.” Why Assertions Are Important Assertions improve:
SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) — Complete Beginner Guide Read More »
SystemVerilog packages are powerful containers for reusable code such as data types, parameters, functions, classes, and tasks. They help engineers write modular and consistent designs by preventing type mismatches and enabling code sharing across modules, interfaces, and testbenches. In this post, we’ll explore package syntax, importing methods, common pitfalls, and examples that every VLSI learner
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Learn about SystemVerilog data types including integer, logic, real, nets, enums, strings, and more with examples and code snippets. 🔹 Introduction SystemVerilog provides a rich set of data types that help in modeling both hardware and testbenches efficiently. Unlike older Verilog, it introduces strong typing, signed/unsigned control, and advanced user-defined types. 🔹 Integer Data Types
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